תודה מיוחדת לרוג'ר פרויקין עבור תרגום המאמר לעברית
פרשת בוא (שמות י', א'-יג', ט"ז) מתארת את את המכות האחרונות אשר הביא ה' על מצרים, את שבירת התנגדותו של פרעה ואת עזיבת בני ישראל.
תודה מיוחדת לרוג'ר פרויקין עבור תרגום המאמר לעברית
פרשת בוא (שמות י', א'-יג', ט"ז) מתארת את את המכות האחרונות אשר הביא ה' על מצרים, את שבירת התנגדותו של פרעה ואת עזיבת בני ישראל.
Parashat Bo (Shemot 10:1-13:16) narrates the final plagues, the breaking of Pharaoh’s resistance, and the departure of Bnei Yisrael.
The Parashah is not merely about freedom from political bondage or emancipation. Rather, the Parashah records a theological confrontation between two rival conceptions or visions of reality and the displacement of one theology by another. It describes a clash between Egyptian theology, rooted in power, nature, and timeless order, and the Yisraelite theology, grounded in covenantal responsibility, moral history, and sanctified time.
The ancient Egyptians viewed the world as a closed, stable system which is governed by cosmic equilibrium where Pharaoh was a divine figure and the guarrantor of order. Nature was sacred, power eternal and heirarchy immutable. In such a system, slavery was not an injustice but a feature of reality.
Against such a worldview stands the Torah in which G-d is above nature and history and intervenes in both. Unlike the Egyptian mindset, in the Yisralite one, human beings are not fixed within eternal ranks but are capable of transformation and slaves can become a covenantal people.
Midrash Shemot Rabbah explicitly affirms the clash between the two theologies where it when it states, "Just as He exacted punishment from the Egyptians, so, too, did He exact punishment from their gods (15:22). This reinforces the notion that the plagues function as a theological judgements, not merely punishments.
Rash"i, likewise, frames the plagues as theological signs, not natural disasters. Rash"i explains that G-d's declaration "and you will know that I am Lord" (Shemot 10:2) proposes that the plagues are intended to teach knowledge of G-d, not only to Egypt but to Yisrael itself. Most strikingly, in his commentary on Shemot 12:12, Rash"i suggests that when G-d declares, "I am the Lord," He actually means "I Myself and not an angel;I Myself and not an seraph;I myself and not a messanger..."
Here, Rash"i touches upon one fundamental difference between ancient Egyptian civilization and Torah. The Torah excludes intermediaries while the Egyptian religion depended upon them—magic, priesthood, cosmic forces. Redemption requires a direct encounter with the one G-d who stands above nature and hierarchy.
Ramba"n (Nachmanadis) also teaches that the plagues were not random acts of force but a systematic dismantling of false beliefs. According to him, the purpose of the great signs and wonders is to teach belief in G-d, to make known that He created the world, that He knows and supervises individuals, and that He has absolute power over all (Ramba"n on Exodus 13:16).
This view is evidenced in the final three plagues which directly attack Egypt's core beliefs. The eight plague, locusts, aims at showing that nature is not predictable and is under G-d's command. Darkness, the nineth plague is a frontal assault on Ra, the sun-god. The failure and negation of Egypt's central deity causes the collapse of its civilizaion. The darkness which cloakes Egypt where "They could not see each other" is not only physical. It also serves as a metaphore for a society that loses its coherence following such a collapse. Finally, the plague leading the death of the first born is aimed at refuting the Egyptians core belief that Pharaoh is divine and prove that divine lineage is an illusion. These plagues indicate that this is not merely punishment. It is a theological refutation. It is intended at teaching us that the plagues are not random acts of force but a systematic dismantling of false belief. In the final plagues, that theological confrontation reaches its climax.
In his commentary to Bo, Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks writes that Egypt sought immortality through monuments, mummification, and dynasties, whereas Judaism seeks eternity through memory, law, and moral responsibility. Pharaoh believes that power is permanent; G-d teaches that only covenant endures. Most importantly, Sacks insists that freedom, in Bo, is not freedom from obligation but freedom for responsibility (Covenant and Conversation Parashat Bo).
Parashat Bo is a sustained, dramatic confrontation between two rival theologies: Egyptian and Yisraelite (biblical/Jewish). The narrative is not merely about liberation from oppression but also about which vision of reality is true. The Exodus is not just an event. It is a theological revolution.
Shabbat Shalom nand every blessing
Parashat Va’era, spanning chapters 6:2 through 9:35, in Shemot (Exodus), marks the turning point in the Exodus story. After Moshe’s first failed encounter with Pharaoh, G-d reassures him that redemption will now unfold through divine power. G-d reveals Himself to Moshe by His holy name, emphasizing faithfulness to His promises, and announces the beginning of the plagues that will break Egypt’s hold over Israel.
At the heart of the h stands G-d’s great promise of redemption, expressed in four stages (Shemot 6:6–7):
“I will bring you out” – God will ease the people’s suffering and remove them from the crushing burden of slavery.
“I will rescue you” – God will free Israel from Egyptian domination and bondage.
“I will redeem you” – God will act as Israel’s Redeemer through miracles and judgment, restoring their dignity as a nation.
“I will take you to be My people” – Redemption reaches its highest point when Israel enters a covenant with God at Sinai.
Classic commentators understand these four expressions of redemption, and at the same time, each adds a different layer to what “redemption” really means.
Rash”i, for instance, reads the verses very concretely and sequentially. Each act of G-d is a distinct stage: relief from the burden of labor, freedom from servitude, redemption through miracles and judgments and becoming G-d’s people at Sinai. For Rash"i, redemption moves from physical relief to political freedom to divine intervention to spiritual destiny.
Ramba”n differs in his commentary on the term “redemption.” For him, the Exodus from Egypt is not redemption. True redemption, he believes, happens when Yisrael becomes G-d’s People and G-d becomes their G-d. Whereas the first three stages are historical, he asserts, the fourth is theological. Freedom without Covenant. is incomplete freedom. (Mikra’ot Gedolot, Shemot 6:6–7).
Sforno, another classical Jewish scholar, sees the four stages as a movement from existence to mission. The first three stages ensure survival and freedom from oppression and the restoration of dignity. The final stage, “and I will take,” he believes, gives purpose. Am Yisrael is not just saved from something. It was saved for something, to become a moral nation dedicated to G-d’s service. (Sforno on Exodus 6:6-7).
Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch. Rav Hirsch reads these four stages as a pedagogical process. Slaves must learn firstly that suffering is not destiny. Then they have to learn that power does not define truth. Then they must learn that G-d redeems history. Finally, they must learn that Freedom is service to G-d, not independence from all authority. Each step trains them to understand what freedom really means (R. Samson Raphael Hirsch, Commentary on the Torah, Exod. 6:6–7).
Rav Joseph B. Soloveitchik interprets the four expressions as the transformation from a people of fate (victims of history) to a People of destiny(G-d’s partners in shaping history. The first three stages remove oppression. The fourth gives Am Yisrael identity and responsibility. Redemption is not merely being freed from Pharaoh; it also means being called to G-d (Reflections of the Rav, Vol. 2, pp. 88–114).
Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks explains that the four expressions of freedom show that Redemption is not just liberation from tyranny, but transformation into a People of covenant and responsibility. Sacks emphasizes that the Torah defines redemption not as liberation alone, but as liberation plus law. Many nations escaped tyranny in history. Yisrael escaped tyranny and entered a covenant and vowed to fulfill its moral code and its values. Freedom without values leads to chaos. The covenant turns freedom into responsibility. For Sacks, the four expressions trace the journey from slaves→ to citizens→ to a holy nation. (Sacks, Jonathan. Covenant & Conversation: Exodus – The Book of Redemption. Commentary to Exodus 6:6–7 Parashat Va’era).
These four stages of redemption are the basis for the four cups of wine at the Pesach Seder-each cup celebrating one stage of redemption.
However, immediately following the four phases in the parashah comes a fifth one, “I will bring you to the land” (Shemot 6:8). Why is it not counted among the four?
Rash"i suggests that the promise of the land, as mentioned in the above verse, was not fulfilled for that generation. He bases his assertion on the Torah itself, where it shows that the Exodus generation was redeemed from slavery but not yet ready for life in the land, so the final stage of redemption had to wait for their children — turning the fifth expression into a promise of future completion, not immediate fulfillment. Some scholars explain that this is why we pour the fifth cup, Elijah's cup, at the Seder, - a symbol of the redemption still to come.
Ramba”n disagrees with Rash”i. For him, all five expressions form one unified process of redemption. Even if the Exodus generation did not physically enter the land, the promise of “and I shall bring you” was still genuinely part of their redemption. A promise made to Yisrael, according to Ramba”n, can be fulfilled across generations and still be considered the fulfillment of that original redemption.
Parashat Va’era opens at the darkest moment of Israel’s story. The people are crushed by slavery, Moshe is disheartened, and even Pharaoh seems more powerful than before. It is precisely here, in the depth of despair, that G-d introduces one of the Torah’s most enduring promises — the four expressions of redemption. These phrases do more than predict the Exodus; they define what redemption truly means in Jewish thought. Redemption is not a single dramatic escape, but a process — moving from relief from suffering, to freedom from oppression, to national restoration, and finally to covenantal purpose. Parashat Va’era teaches that true freedom is not merely leaving Egypt, but becoming a people who live with meaning, responsibility, and divine mission.