When Impatience and Spiritual Insecurity Take Over

 

                                   Exodus 32:1-35, illustration from a Bible card published in 1901 by the Providence Lithograph Company 

    "Faith is not certainty; it is the courage to live with uncertainty." – Lord Rabbi Jonathan Sacks

Last week’s Parashah, Ki Tisa covers chapters 30:11 through 34:35, in the Book of Shemot (Exodus). It narrates one of the most dramatic and troubling, yet constitutive, moments in Am Yisrael’s history. I am referring to the episode of The Golden Calf which occurs shortly after the revelation at Mount Sinai.

 Fearing that Moshe may not comeback after his ascent to Mount Sinai, Am Yisrael demands that Aaron, his brother, erect a tangible image that would "go before them.“  The affair provokes a severe crisis between Am Yisrael and G-d, threatening the Covenant they entered with Him, merely a short time earlier. Enraged by this idolatry, Moshe breaks the two stone tablets engraved with the ten commandments, destroys the idol, and punishes the people.

Our sages have grappled with the meaning of this sin, what prompted it and the lessons one may draw from it. Many see it not merely as an act of idolatry but as a psychological and spiritual crisis when Am Yisrael felt abandoned, as expressed in verse 32:1 where the Torah emphasizes the anxiety of Am Yisrael when they believe that Moshe is not going to return,  “When the People saw that Moshe delayed his coming down from the mountain.... For this man Moshe....who brought us up from the land of Egypt, we do not know what has become of him.”

Rash"i, more so than other commentators, tends to present the sin of the Golden Calf with a dose of sympathy and frequently stresses the circumstances and confusion that led to it. Though Rash"i does not excuse the gravity of the sin, he reads this verse as describing a crisis of patience. He explains that the Yisraelites expected Moshe to return after forty days but miscounted the days. In his commentary on this verse, Rash"i states that the people included the day Moshe ascended Mount Sinai, while the correct count began the following day causing fear and panic. 

Rash"i cites a related passage inTalmud Shabbat 89a which describes how Satan created the illusion that Moshe died, thus intensifying the People’s fear and impatience. It is important to note, at this point, that in Judaism, Satan refers to the Prosecutor in the Heavenly Court who functions as a prosecuting attorney, testing that faithfulness is genuine, as is the case in the Book of Job. Midrash Tanchuma (Ki Tisa 19) takes this test even farther when it describes how Satan creates a physical, magical illusion of the calf to lead them astray. This symbolic midrash proposes that Am Yisrael’s doubt and confusion were emotionally manipulated causing them to lose patience.

Rash"i further suggests that the People were utterly dependent on Moshe and interprets their request of “make us gods that will go before us,” as seeking a replacement for Moshe as a leader, not a replacement for G-d. Their reference to Moshe as “This man....” signals a moment of psychological distancing and their inability to sustain faith without a mediator between them and G-d.

Like Rash"i, Ramba"n also dwells on the emotional context.  He asserts that since the Yisraelites have only recently left Egypt, after hundreds of years of slavery, their faith is still fragile and is still influenced by Egyptian culture with its visible religious symbols. When Moshe did not return as they expected, their insecurity pushed them to seek something tangible.

However, while Rash"i focuses mostly on the circumstances that led to the sin, Ramba"n analyzes its theological implications. According to him, the Yisraelites did not wish to replace G-d. They intended to replace Moshe with a substitute leader who would mediate between them and G-d, as did Moshe. Through his broader theory of the origin of idolatry, Ramba"n asserts that people who believe in G-d often introduce intermediaries to make divine worship more tangible (Ramba"n Commentary on Torah, Exodus 32:1). This interpretation shows Am Yisrael’s spiritual insecurity and inability to maintain faith without a physical mediator. Mostly, it points out that the nascent Nation, has not yet internalized faith and that when the mediator disappears, faith collapses into insecurity.

The Golden Calf narrative is often understood not only as a prohibition against idolatry but also as a profound exploration of faith, leadership, and the challenges of maintaining trust in an invisible G-d. The story therefore serves as a timeless cautionary lesson about the dangers of substituting immediate comfort for enduring faith. In every generation, the challenge remains the same: whether to succumb to the allure of the “golden calf” in its various forms, or to remain steadfast in the covenantal values and spiritual trust that define the Jewish tradition.

With your permission, dear readers, I would like to conclude with the thoughtful words of my learned friend, Sara Marciano. She draws a compelling analogy between the biblical episode of the Golden Calf and the challenges facing modern-day Yisrael. Marciano suggests that certain sectors of the Israeli elite have amassed considerable power while, in her view, continuing to worship the "golden calf” and embrace values that distance us from our Jewish roots and from our eternal covenant with G-d. “It is worth reflecting carefully,” she writes, “on whether one should continue to bow before the "golden calf," thus aligning with the darker side of history and ultimately being shattered by it, or instead, rise with valour and oppose it.”

I choose the latter. What about you?

Shavua tov and blessings to all.

Is Being a Stiff-Necked People Bad?

 

   

“And G-d said to Moses, I have seen this people and indeed it is a stiff-necked people!” Exodus 32:9

There are a few themes in last week’s Parashah, “Ki Tisa.” One of them dwells on the grave and calamitous episode of the “golden calf.” In His rage at Am Yisrael, G-d promises to punish it for this sordid affair. “Now therefore,” He tells Moshe, “let me alone, that my wrath may burn hot against them, and I may consume them. And I will make of you a great nation” (Exodus 32:10). Am Yisrael, according to G-d, clings to idolatry and are not ready to commit themselves to the covenant they entered with G-d.

Moshe tries to soothe G-d’s anger and pleads with Him to forgive Am Yisrael. “Lord,” he said, “if I have found favour in your eyes, then let the Lord go with us. Although this is a stiff-necked people, forgive our wickedness and our sin and take us as your inheritance" (Exodus 34:8-9).

Rabbi Sacks, ZT”L, suggests that Moshe’s words may sound somewhat odd. Moshe cites as a reason for G-d remaining with the Yisraelites the very trait that G-d had previously given for wishing to abandon them.

 In other words, in both quotes, the term “stiff-necked” is used to portray Am Yisrael. In both, this quality is used as an excuse for two opposing goals. How is it possible that Moshe raises specifically the stubbornness of the Yisraelites, their obstinacy as a rationale for the resumption of G-d’s presence in their midst?

Rabbi Kalonymus Kalman Shapira, also known as the “Piasetzno Rabbi” (1889-1943) was, likewise, bewildered by the same issue. He offers his own understanding of the use of the term. In his view, being “stiff-necked” is one of the greatest qualities one could possess. In his view, anyone who is not “stiff-necked” is fickle and insecure. …No one knows what the outcome might be when, G-d forbid, that person will not be able to withstand a calamitous trial (which relates to the decision to abandon the Jewish faith). On the other hand, per the Piasetzno Rabbi, the stiff-necked individual is an honest person. If that person decides to worship G-d, one can rest assure that he would adhere to his decision. The more "stiff-necked" he is, the more likely he will withstand that same trial (Aish Kodesh, Parashat Noah).

Being “stiff-necked” means being stubborn. It also means being dedicated and committed to a certain cause. To be “stiff-necked” means that one can meet their obligations and duties against all odds. When the pressure rises and the burden gets heavier, one can rely on a stiff-necked person to do what he is expected to do.

On the other hand, as the Piasetzno Rabbi contends, one who is not “stiff-necked” is like a leaf blown away in the wind. One day, he says that he will be by your side, but what will happen, asks the Rabbi, if on the following day, he faces hardships that he himself cannot handle? Moshe’s argument, asserts the Rabbi, was as thus: “Yes, Am Yisrael is a stiff-necked nation. They stubbornly cling to idolatry. However, you, G-d should know that when they fully commit themselves to you, they will never leave you. Their commitment to the Covenant is absolute.” In other words, explains Zecharia Robof, in his article, “A Stiff-Necked Nation in Times of Crisis,” no matter how much the Children of Yisrael suffer, their stubbornness means that they will never give up on their love for you. Now, they are “stiff-necked” in their rebelliousness, but the day will come when they will be, likewise, “stiff-necked” in their loyalty. The gentiles will order them to convert, but they will refuse. They will suffer humiliations, persecutions and torture because of their beliefs, yet they will continue to adhere to the Covenant that their forefathers undertook with G-d..

Am Yisrael and the Jewish People, as history has shown, has, on more than one occasion, reverted to the old ways of their ancestors in the Sinai desert. Yet as hard as it has been for them to withstand the temptation of idolatry and the absence of a physical image of G-d, it has been just as hard, if not harder, for them to forsake their ancestral Covenant with G-d. In the words of R.Isaac ben Redifa who said them in the name of R.Ami, “you might think that this [“stiff-necked”] is a negative attribute, but in fact, it is praiseworthy, for it means: ‘Either be a Jew or prepare to be hanged’” (Beitza 25b;Shemot Rabbah 42:9).

Jewish survival throughout history, despite the catastrophes that befell our People, is the result of two important factors. One is our insistence to maintain our “stiff-necked” attribute when it comes to the desire of nations, by way of pogroms, crusades, Inquisition or any other attempt to annihilate our faith. The second is the everlasting promise that has accompanied Am Yisrael on our journey through the ages, “The Eternal of Yisrael shall never lie.”