A Fundamental Principle in Economic Justice

 

“You must not withhold the wages of a poor or destitute employee, whether of your brothers or of strangers, in your land or in your cities. You must give him his wage on his promised day—the sun must not set on it, because he is poor, and he risks his life to earn it—that he not cry out to G-d against you, and this sin be counted against you.” Devarim (Deuteronomy) 24:14-15

This week's Parashah, Ki Teze, contains 74 mitzvot (commandments), the most of any Torah portion. It covers family rules, social justice, and kindness to animals. In this article, I decided to focus on one, the prohibition of withholding wages, as expressed in the quoted verses above.

It was one of the most cardinal values instilled in me from a very early age.

“When you engage someone to perform a task for you,” my mother repeatedly taught me, “you should pay that person promptly. For instance,” she always used the same example, ”if you bring your shoes to a shoemaker to be repaired, just know that while he carries out his chore, he is already thinking what to do with the money you will pay him.”

What my mother emphasized is what our Torah commands us, and not just in this Parashah.

Previously, in Parashat Kedoshim,Vayikra (Leviticus), verse 19:14 states, “You shall not leave [with you] the payment of a worker overnight until the morning. The Torah recognizes that, often, a worker, whoever he is, is in urgent need of his wages, be it to feed his family, pay for his children’s education or any other obligations that he or his family might have.

The Talmud addresses the Halachah of the payment of workers. According to it, the verse in Vayikra refers to a day worker who completes his work at the end of the day. In this case, the employer is compelled to pay him before sunrise of the next day.  (Bava-Metzia, chapter 9, 110b)

The second verse, from Devarim, the sages assert, refers to a night worker who completes his work at daybreak, in which case, the employer is required to pay him before the following nightfall. (Bava-Metzia, chapter 9, 111a)

For Ramba”n, the withholding of a worker’s wages is a far more serious issue than an ordinary financial dispute. Ramba”n bases it on the relationship between the verses in Vayikra and Devarim to present a practical reality. Since a labourer usually finishes his work at the end of the day, it is only natural that he needs the money that very evening “so that with his wages he can purchase for himself, his wife, and his children what they will eat at night, for he is poor, as are most who hire themselves out.” (Mikraot Gedolot Haketer, Ramba”n on Devarim 24:15) For Ramba”n, delaying payment can threaten the worker’s physical existence.

Ohr HaChaim (Rabbi Chaim ibn Attar 1696-1743) takes this directive to a different level. He questions the Torah’s use of extremely severe language at what seemingly appears to amount to no more than a monetary theft. In response, Ohr HaChayim shifts attention to the moral and spiritual consequences it carries, for the employer. As the latter part of Devarim 24:15 suggests, there is a golden moral thread that connects the employer, the defenseless worker and G-d. The vulnerable worker cries to G-d, who then holds the employer accountable before Him. It is, as we learn from this verse, a sin against G-d.

Another explanation, a more positive and encouraging one, is offered by the Zohar. Mitzvot, it suggests, should be carried out on the day that the opportunity to fulfill them arises. It, therefore, asserts that the mitzvah of paying wages to one’s worker should not be put off to the next day. (Zohar, Kedoshim 85a)

Shabbat Shalom. Hope we all have a great week, filled with opportunities to fulfill Mitzvot, ahead.

Yaakov’s Dream and the Ethics of Divine Refinement

 

"He had a dream: he beheld a ladder standing firmly on the ground and sloping upward, its top reaching up toward heaven. Angels of G-d were ascending it and descending it. He had a dream: he beheld a ladder standing firmly on the ground. And behold, G-d was standing over him. He said, “I am G-d, G-d of Abraham your forebear, and G-d of Isaac. I will give the land upon which you are lying to you and your descendants" - Bresheet 28:12-13.

Who has not read or heard of Yaakov’s famous dream which is one of the main themes of this week’s Parashah, “Vayetze,” described in Bresheet 28:10-22?

It is theologically and symbolically one of the most defining moments for Yaakov and Am Yisrael. Up until then, the Covenant belonged to Avraham and Yitzchak. The dream transforms Yaakov’s spiritual identity and establishes him as one of the three patriarchs of Am Yisrael and the Jewish People.  It is not merely a dream. It is a blueprint for Jewish destiny.

Naturally, Yaakov is overwhelmed by the dream. He is aware of his own history. He is running away from Esav after having deceived him and Yitzchak. Whether justified or not, the act created a spiritual tension. Yaakov is alone, in the world and afraid for his life. The ladder in the dream symbolizes connection, the opposite of deception and, as it seems, provokes deep self-reflection in Yaakov. 

The sages believe that Yaakov feels this burden- and fears that he may have lost G-d’s protection. In the midst of moral uncertainties, comes the dream where G-d reassures him, “I am with you….I will guard you.” (28:15). Yaakov realizes that he is now a vessel of Divine purpose and must consider his own responsibility in carrying out G-d’s plan.

What follows is a series of events that are aimed at preparing Yaakov for this very important destiny. In a way, the dream marks a transition from the “manipulative act” to a life of responsibility and suffering where the deceiver becomes the deceived, by Lavan, his uncle and future father in law who circumvents him (by replacing Rachel with Leah, his oldest daughter) and repeatedly cheats him in wages.

Our sages seem to grapple with the tension between Yaakov’s identity as a righteous, straightforward man and the chain of deceptions he undergoes later in the Parashah. Here are some of their commentaries on this pradicament. 

Chaza”l explain the dilemma in terms of middah keneged middah (measure for measure). Bresheet Rabbah (70:19). It teaches that Yaakov’s deception of Yitschak leads to his being deceived by Lavan.  G-d wants to “educate” Yaakov through an experience that mirrored his earlier act. It is not vengeance or punishment. Rather, they assert, it is for the purpose of moral refinement and spiritual growth. Yaakov must confront his own behaviour through Lavan's deceit and grow from it.

Rash"i conveys the same underlying idea. While he does not explicitly claim that Yaakov was punished for deceiving Yitzchak, he hints at it. This is reflected in Lavan’s response when Yaakov protests, “Why have you deceived me?” after discovering that Leah was substituted for Rachel. Lavan’s remark, “In our region,giving a younger daughter in marriage before the older is simply not done” (29:25-26), serves as a pointed allusion to Yaakov’s own earlier deception involving Esav, for the purpose of repairing his own earlier deception.

Siftei Chachamim (A commentary on Rash"i's commentary on the Torah and the Five Scrolls, by Shabtai Bass 1660-1680), likewise suggests that Yaakov needed to experience what deception feels like to grow into the moral stature of “Yisrael.” Again, the purpose is to cleanse, refine and elevate him.

Malbi”m (Meir Leibush ben Yehiel Michel Wisser 1809-1879) echoes a similar message. Yaakov’s earlier successes come through cleverness; Lavan forces him into a situation where only faith, patience and righteousness can succeed. The deception, according to him, teaches Yaakov to let go of manipulation. 

According to Zohar (Vayishlach 21:221), Yaakov’s departure from Eretz Yisrael to the house of Lavan is not simply a physical escape from Esav, but a descent into a spiritually dark place for the purpose of elevating holy sparks.  “Just as gold is refined in fire, so Yaakov is refined in the house of Lavan.”  Lavan’s deception is the fire that purifies truth. 

The story of Yaakov’s years in the house of Lavan confronts us with one of the Torah’s most morally provocative reversals: the deceiver becomes the deceived. Having secured the blessing through disguise and misdirection, Yaakov now meets in Lavan a master of manipulation whose schemes far surpass his own. It invites us to consider whether the Torah is offering a subtle critique, a lesson in divine justice, or a portrait of spiritual growth forged through uncomfortable self-recognition. I believe it is the latter.